Sunday, November 23, 2008

a conspiracy theory......a study....




a good conspiracy theory and the best ones are from Robert Ludlum. If you look at the economy throughout the past couple of decades, you'll see a pattern. Say that 20 years ago you got together a group of plutocrats with the goal of making the country a better place for big business. And let's say you started by creating a set of ideal outcomes. Then the scenarios would include
1. Find a way to put working-class people in their place, which is to shut up and be grateful to even have a job.
2. Open new markets for American goods, especially ones where they do not compete with goods from local companies.
3. Find ways to operate outside of government regulation and lawsuits.
4. Increase consumer spending without increasing wages.
5. Increase government spending without sparking inflation (which eats into the value of accumulated wealth).
Those five events would create enormous wealth without social uprising or government interference.
First, you create a global labor market. Doing so, you open new markets, such as China and India. Thus, you have more people to sell to, and, if done properly, lots of low-cost laborers, reducing your labor costs while getting rid of lots of pesky employees and the expensive annoyances they have become accustomed to, like benefits.
Indeed, you accomplish the quadruple-dip of wealth creation — suppress domestic wages, thwart inflation, and add new customers, all while side-stepping labor and environmental laws.
The only drawback to this scenario is that by suppressing wages, people have less money to spend on your products and services. However, if you could achieve easy credit, you could maintain or increase spending levels. Further, if you have a nice, costly war, you pump vast amounts of governmental money into the economy.
Take all this together, and you have two or three decades of what used to be called "unconscionable profits." You don't hear that phrase anymore because we as a society have agreed that there is no such thing — it is now a part of our culture that the more you can grab the better.
Would such a series of coordinated events require a conspiracy? No. Let's face it, the natural state of affairs in a free-market system is inequality, not equality. In order to have an income distribution that is becoming more equal would require compassionate effort. To have diverging income classes requires doing nothing. And nothing is what we, as a society, have done. We have conspired to not give a damn. So that is my conspiracy theory.
That raises the question of how working people can deal with the reality of a global labor market. Individuals must figure out what businesses have always understood: The real money goes to those who can get around the pressures of competition, to monopoly power. You get rich by having exclusive rights or information, like say owing the rights to the dominant software used by computers. For individuals, this monopoly power is individuality — there is only one George Clooney or one Tiger Woods. For most people, however, exclusivity is not an option; the best they can do is have a specialty. But say you are a trained specialist, like a radiologist, engineer or architect. You still might find yourself competing globally — for instance, architectural plans for US buildings are being drawn in China.
Thinking globally, you must take into account the geography of competition. If your work can be done via the Internet, then you are up against the world.
However, if it requires face-to-face meetings, then you have limited competition, perhaps even a bit of monopoly of geography. In other words, a career comes down to two principles: specialize and localize.
Global economic conspiracy theory says that controlers determine of economic fate. Is there a global economic conspiracy? if such a conspiracy exits what can we do about it.
There are many people and institutions that would like to control our lives. There is a lot of frustration and grief these controllers can bring. We do not have to suffer this. There are many ways to avoid those who take without giving. You can see below how history provides a guide.Our society may seem headed for ruin, but what we call chaos is really the universal way. Evolution works with three forces, the pressure of change (we call birth), the momentum of continuation(stability) and marvel of transformation (death). These forces are always in play and in balance. When things appear imbalanced, the imbalance is our misunderstanding, not an error in the universal way. Our duty is to adjust to reality, not the other way round. There are many ways we can successfully do this in the modern world. A seminar I conducted years ago in London featured Gordon Brown, member of Parliament who had been responsible for looking after Mikhail Gorbachev when he had just become Premier of the Soviet Union and was visiting England for the first time. Brown spoke in horror at how smart Gorbachev was. Our spirits sank. Our incorrect thinking? “The Soviets are bad. Anything good there is bad”. Had we been in touch with reality we would have correctly thought, “If the Soviet Union is bad, a really smart man will change the system.” Gorbachev did!
A first line of controller defense is knowing that all is in order. We cannot see or understand everything. Light does begin at the darkest hour. Every bad thing does push the pendulum closer to change. Patience is a virtue. The worst energy of negative energies is its own momentum.
One option is to ignore controllers. Get on with life! Chances are we will scrape by without pain. Most controllers eventually screw up and stew in their own juices. Enjoy the good in things as they are.
Or we can run (move somewhere where social principles are more in tune with our desires). This is not always easy. Family and friends usually cannot come along. Travel grows more wearisome and troubled every day. Yet this is one powerful and good option for some.
We can also fight. Fighting runs a gamut from becoming a terrorist (I will use Patricia Hearst, Timothy McVeigh, the holdouts in Waco and Ruby Ridge as examples of why not to choose this path) to being an activist.
Legitimate forms of activism run from general political activity (”Throw the bums out”) to dedication at balancing one aspect of a perceived wrong. Two of my children have taken this approach. One dedicated his life to preserving wildlife, the other to enhance human rights. They live simple Spartan lives, not too concerned with financial reward or material comforts. Their fulfillment comes from knowing that their lives stand for and are being used to express a positive action. If you are not too worried about wealth, health, status or comfort (these are the tools most controllers use against us) it is easy to become pretty immune to external manipulation. The popular portrayal of Mahatma Gandhior Martin Luther King are examples of this approach. Making a dent in even one negative aspect of life can be enormously satisfying and brings fulfillment. Having a battle to wage peacefully is satisfying, directing and provides a sense of cause. This is a powerful and positive way to fulfill one’s life.
Yet even this mildest approach of resistance has risks. Some controls will do just about anything to grab and mainatin control. Even open, honest confrontation with controllers can have danger.
This risk can be mitigated by being balanced and truly understanding power and change. We can enjoy our delights without being dictated by them. We can gain joy and hope from every event. We can see light at the end of every tunnel and look for and use the positive element in every action, no matter how terrible it seems. We can work to change no one or nothing but ourselves and be leading lights in whatever actions we do.
In short we can gain if we don’t push. We can let the momentum of the controllers do all the work and just pull a bit instead. I call this “Universal Karate”.
Years ago while living in the Andes with a group of shamans all the banks closed in Ecuador wiping out most everyone’s savings. On the evening of the bank shutdown a shaman staying with Merri and me discovered that he had lost every penny he possessed in the closure. He asked for us to gather round and gave a prayer of thanks for the change that this misfortune would bring. This is Universal Karate. He did not mourn for a moment over the loss, but looked immediately for the benefits this event would bring.
Positive energy can act like armor plating against controller attacks. This approach embraces turmoil for what it is, the universe, life, reality.
From a single infinite point this universe exploded into our current existence and its swirl is of steady never ending change running through times of chaos and times of calm. If we accept each realm for what it is, holographic illusions, and if we remain steady and fulfilled to what we are, not what we have or where we are or what we are doing,then we are impregnable by the controllers.
Imagine for a moment the Roman Empire. This was the place to live and be for hundreds of years. Being a Roman citizen was something really special. People were always trying to move there. They even had illegal immigrants just as Western countries do now. Then negative controllers took over and Western civilization fell apart. Some Roman emperors were really terrible, debauched, misguided, useless and interested only in their own self grandiosement. They controlled other peoples’ lives in the worst way. Roman senators and the elite lost their broad vision and controlled only for their short-term ideals of living in luxury and comfort. These leaders made the mistake of doing only for themselves and drained the spirit, finances and vitality of the public. Civil disputes grew. Caesar crossed the Rubicon. Invaders came and sacked the place. Terrorists began to abound! Sound familiar?
When Rome and its stabilizing energy was lost, Western society moved into a dark age. Barbarianism ruled. The mightiest sword was king. Civilization was isolated by distant, dangerous journeys. Civilized knowledge was hidden, rule of law lost and concepts of democracy,universal education, suffrage and welfare forgotten.
Yet some survived, prospered and grew enlightened even in these enormously uncivilized times. The monks and higher beings tucked themselves (and civilized knowledge) into well-guarded monasteries and lived good, fulfilled lives despite negative energies that so prevailed.
#1: Some of these people moved. The sun always shines somewhere and during the European dark ages other civilizations thrived. If we live in a society where we do not have to have permission to immigrate we can always go elsewhere if things are too uncomfortable for us.
#2: Some people fought. They developed strong armies and the crusades began. This was a spiritual quest driven mostly for material gains. Some thought they won. Most won, but this painful process did bring growth and evolution as well.
#3: Others stayed in fortresses. These hard to reach places and wise keepers of the arts refined and exemplified “Universal Karate” in their self-defense. They laid a foundation for martial arts, that used physical energy to complete the circle of understanding bringing clarity to the union between all things. The essence of these self-defense systems and martial arts is not to win through force of attack, but by directing the opponent’s force to carry the opponent to a point of knowing where there is no need for violence. These wise men applied this concept of “Universal Karate” in every aspect of their lives.
Controllers only have power over those who accept it. A recent message pointed out that it is our hunger and not the food that takes us to the feast. It is also our fears, not power of the controllers that give them control. The 14th century poet, Rumi, eloquently pointed this out when he wrote:
“I have lived on the lip of insanity, wanting to know reasons, knocking on a door. It opens. I have been knocking from the inside!”
All joy and fulfillment is within. Controllers only have power if we open the door and invite them in.

Tuesday, October 21, 2008

what have we gained?????


world has changed and we also changed for the world L Good one to read through all the way! Are you missing those days? Sometimes I doDoordarshan , Doordarshan' s 7 colour Screensaver Serials like : Malgudi Days Dekh Bhai Dekh Ramayan / Mahabharat Nuukad / yeh jo hai jindagiMungarilal ke haseen sapaneChitrahar ( songs )Song like ...... Mile Sur Mera Tumhara Turning Point Bharath Ek Khoj Alif Laila Byomkesh Bakshi Tehkikaat He Man / Spider man Salma Sultana DD News Reader The Ad like ......Vicco turmeric, Nahin cosmetic Vicco turmeric ayurvedic cream Twaiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiinggggggg Washin powder Nirma, Washing powder Nirma Doodh si safedi, Nirma se aayi Rangeen kapde bhi khil khil jaaye I'm a Complan Boy (Shahid Kapoor) and I'm a Complan Girl (Ayesha Takia) Surabhi: Renuka Sahane and Siddharth 'karamchand' .'Vikram Betal', etc. How did one survive growing up in the 70's, 80's and 90's? We had no seatbelts, no airbags and sitting in the back of a truck was a treat… Our baby prams had the most gorgeous lead based colours… No such thing as tamper proof bottle tops… Opening kitchen cupboards was a breeze… as safety locks were unheard off… Cycling was like a breath of fresh air… No safety helmets, knee pads or elbow pads, with plenty of cardboards between spokes to make it sound like a motorbike… When thirsty we only drank tap water, bottled water was still a mystery… We kept busy collecting bits & pieces so we could build all sort of things … and we were fearless on our bikes even when the brakes failed going downhill… We were showing off how tough we are, by how high we could climb trees & then jumping down….It was great fun…. We could stay out to play for hours, as long as we got back before dark, in time for dinner… We walked to school, or sometimes we even rode our bike. We had no mobile phones, but we always managed to find each other…. How? No one knows… We lost teeth, broke arms & legs, we got cuts and bruises and bloody noses…. nobody complained as we had so much fun, it wasn't anybody's fault, only ours We ate everything in sight, cakes, bread, chocolate, ice-cream, sweet sugary drinks, yet, we stayed skinny by fooling around. And if one of us was lucky to find a 1 litre coca cola bottle we all had a swag from it & guess what? Nobody picked up any germs... We did not have Play Stations, MP3, Nintendo's, I-Pods, Video games, 99 Cable TV channels, DVD's, Home Cinema, Mobile phones, Home Computers, Laptops, Chat-rooms, Internet, etc ... BUT, we had REAL FRIENDS We called on friends to come out to play, never rang the doorbell, just went around the back… We loved being let loose in the big bad world…without bodyguards… We played with sticks and stones, played cowboys and Indians, doctors and nurses, hide and seek, soccer games, over and over again… When we failed our exams we were given a second chance by simply repeating the same grade…without visiting psychiatrists, psychologists or counselors… Such were the days… We had freedom, success, disappointments and responsibilities. .. Most of all, we learned to respect others…
i know many of you might not agree with me..many of you would..but i deeply feel this advancement of science,technology and blah blah blah has actually given us very little and taken away much much more..
i miss a lot of things in life...

Sunday, September 21, 2008

Are you my brother?

ET my Brother????

The theory of the extraterrestrial origin of life is not a well-defined single theory. It is more of an adjunct or an extension of the belief that since random unguided biological evolution on earth is a fact, certainly the same forces would have resulted in life in other places in the universe. Extraterrestrial life is never associated with the possibility that life perhaps could have been created elsewhere if it could be created on earth. If it could be verified that life existed elsewhere in the universe, it would be presented as proof of biological evolution. This argument could not be farther from the truth. Although it is true that if life could evolve on earth, it certainly could evolve other places if the conditions were right. However, it is equally true that if life could be created on earth it could be created elsewhere also. In fact, if the creative force was powerful enough to produce life, if would be powerful enough to create the proper environment in which to place the created life. The theory of the origin of extraterrestrial life only moves the evolution / creation debate to a remote location. Extraterrestrial life is currently a hypothetical notion. No scientific evidence of the existence of extraterrestrial life has been widely accepted by scientists. One thing sited as evidence of extraterrestrial life is UFO sightings. Although this is objective evidence of possible extraterrestrial life forms, verifiably evidence has been elusive. Scientists are directly searching for unicellular life within the solar system, carrying out studies on the surface of Mars and examining meteors that have fallen to Earth. There is some limited evidence that microbial life might possibly exist on Mars. An experiment on the Viking Mars Lander reported gas emissions from heated Martian soil that some argue are consistent with the presence of microbes. However, the lack of corroborating evidence from other experiments on the Viking indicates that a non-biological reaction is a more likely hypothesis. Independently, in 1996, structures resembling bacteria were reportedly discovered in a meteorite known to be formed of rock ejected from Mars. Again, this report is vigorously disputed. Scientists are also searching indirectly for intelligent life through a SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) project. It is theorized that a technological society in space will be transmitting information. SETI uses radio telescopes to scan the sky for evidence of such transmissions that would infer intelligent life. No evidence of intelligent life has been identified to date. Panspermia is a theory that suggests that the seeds of life are prevalent throughout the Universe and life on Earth began by such seeds landing on Earth and propagating. Currently, no evidence supports this theory. Again, even if seeds of life are prevalent throughout the universe, that only raises the question of how did the seeds of life get there? Again, this only removes the evolution /creation debate to a remote location. In 1950 a scientist named Enrico Fermi made a seemingly innocuous lunchtime remark that caught and held the attention of every SETI researcher since. He made the statement that many sophisticated societies populate the Galaxy. But immediately, Fermi realized that any civilization with a modest amount of rocket technology and some incentive could rapidly colonize the entire Galaxy. Within ten million years, every star system could be brought under the wing of the empire. This prompted Fermi to ask the question, "where is everybody?" This is referred to as the Fermi Paradox. The theory of the origins of extraterrestrial life, although incorrectly used to support the theory of evolution, has not had any more evidence to support it than the theory of evolution itself. It seems strange that science is willing to embrace the miraculous formation of life through random unguided processes, but is unwilling to consider a miraculous creation created by a designer! They are willing to embrace one religious dogma while completely rejecting the only other possible alternative. George Wald, a prominent Evolutionist (a Harvard University biochemist and Nobel Laureate), wrote, "When it comes to the Origin of Life there are only two possibilities: creation or spontaneous generation. There is no third way. Spontaneous Generation was disproved one hundred years ago, but that leads us to only one other conclusion, that of supernatural creation. We cannot accept that on philosophical grounds; therefore, we choose to believe the impossible: that life arose spontaneously by chance!"

Friday, September 12, 2008

Are we playing God?

Are we playing God?
Are we playing God in our quest for knowledge, by allowing scientists to work with DNA cloning? The ultimate goal in DNA cloning is to create human life with the unwanted physical traits replaced by designer genes. scientists use the ideas of gene therapy for healing diseases as the motive to aggressively pursue the use of DNA manipulation and to avoid the legal problems of Human cloning. Are we playing God by trying to clone a human, which presently is difficult to do, because changing DNA in an adult calls for treating 100 trillion cells simultaneously. Thus, the research goal is to make these DNA cloning changes in the earliest stages of a child's development, the embryonic stage. This stage of human life has the least amount of rights and laws protecting it worldwide. Scientists are playing up the good that would result from DNA manipulation like weeding out disease causing genes, extension of life, organ development for transplantation, and prisoner reform. But these are steps that nature takes for the need of evolution. Think what if dinosaurs did this and would have survived as a perfect race?? Have we forgotten our attempts in the past to subdue violent behavior with lobotomies or the sterilization of orphans and the mentally handicapped? It is easy to see the day coming when designer humans could be created and perhaps another attempt at a super race. In more modern history, Adolf Hitler made his attempts to be like God by the atrocious medical experiments on the Jewish people and prisoners of concentration camps. I am not relating Adolf Hitler through cloning, but the Hitler attitude is present in the world today that would lead to the renewal of these activities all under the guise of gene therapy because he too was trying to put the superior Aryan race in charge of the world.Today, we travel the heavens in space shuttles, getting a look at how small we humans are compared to the vastness of space. We eagerly await new pictures sent back from the Hubbell Satellite to view who else is out there besides us. So it isn't far fetched to believe that mankind would not properly treat the human life it created through cloning. Isn`t the world a better place just because we humans are to err, emotional prone to diseases and so called mortal things???
I know that everyone has heard of Embryonic Stem Cell(ESC) research and all of the wonderful promises it holds. We may get cures for cancers, spinal cord injuries, Parkinson's, Alzheimers... The list goes on and on…
the promises that ESCs hold are indeed impressive, and I think a lot of people would benefit from this, however, we have to remember not to overstep our boundaries here. So first, we are going to take a an egg, fertilize it, then let it grow for a short time, then we will extract some cells, and throw the rest out. Babies (YES THEY ARE BABIES) will be artificially conceived, and after we get what we need from them, we just toss them.In the name of research do we have the right to do this???
Last but not the least what are we doing with the LHC???trying to play God again??
I really don’t know and understand..ok we are trying to find out what the thing was when the big bang happened or the universe came into existence…but is there is any possibility that after the proton streams collide recreating the time and mass. We might be able to find out Higgs Boson and a lot more things that will explain a lot more ….. but can that start the formation of another universe in that LHC???? if yes by the slightest of possibility can we imagine that we too might be in some LHC of another superior universe…..all that then starts to look so foolish and futile….isnt that….????
Why fiddle with nature when its evident that we are always on the losing side …
We failed to incorporate nif-genes in higher plants…failed to recreate life….trying to be smarter than nature what have we done ??/ the fact remains that we have only made a mess to the place we live and making it unfit/unsuitable to live….from the day man discovered fire we have slowly poisoned ourselves trying to be smarter…Wouldn’t it be better to live in harmony with nature and leave some things the way they should be….
one simple question i would like to know if we are so advanced and accruded so much knowledge why is that we are unable to provide the basic amneties to the fellow earthlings....why is it that little children still die of hunger ( the number is maximum ).....we have developed so much yet we dont know to respect women as everywhere she is still treated as an object of lust......

maybe the answers are blowing in the wind but i cant hear them........

Thursday, September 11, 2008

nitrogen....global warming.....and us


Nitrogen - The Bad Guy of Global Warming
Carbon dioxide emissions, rising global temperatures, melting ice caps and climate change make news on a daily basis. But is our love affair with carbon dioxide blinding us to the threat posed by a more dangerous agent? The global warming culprit in question is nitrogen, and ignoring it could lead to immense costs to both human health and the environment.
Natural Nitrogen
Nitrogen gas is taken from the atmosphere and converted by bacteria into nitrogen compounds that plants and animals can use.©EPA
Nitrogen is an essential part of life. Plants, animals and bacteria all use nitrogen in fundamental building blocks called amino acids, and these are joined together to make proteins. Proteins not only allow us to grow and function properly, but they form the basis of almost every chemical reaction in the human body. Our main source of nitrogen is the atmosphere, where it is present as nitrogen gas (formula N2). However in its gaseous form, nitrogen is very inert (unreactive) and only a small number of organisms are able to utilise it. The natural process of taking nitrogen gas and converting it into useful compounds is known as nitrogen fixation, and is carried out by nitrogen-fixing bacteria (and more occasionally, lightning). These ‘fix’ nitrogen into another nitrogen-containing compound: ammonia (NH3).
Ammonia is more biologically accessible than nitrogen gas and is used by nitrifying bacteria to form nitrites (NO2-) and then nitrates (NO3-). These nitrates are the form of nitrogen that plants can process, and thus the form that introduces nitrogen into our food chain. But if all atmospheric nitrogen eventually ended up in plants or animals, there would soon be a shortage. Fortunately there are denitrifying bacteria that complete the cycle and convert nitrates back into the inert and unreachable N2.
This cycle is naturally regulated by the speed at which bacteria can change one compound into another, and by the amount of bacteria available in the soil. In the past this led to a natural upper limit of nitrogen available for use in the biosphere at any one time. However, technological advances have dramatically increased this natural limit, and the consequences have been far-reaching. So what happened?
Causes of the nitrogen overdose
The dawning of the Industrial Revolution heralded a major change that greatly affected the nitrogen balance. Large-scale burning of fossil fuels such as coal and oil released high levels of nitrogen oxides (including nitrous oxide or N2O) as fumes. The nitrogen problem escalated further by World War I with the development of the Haber-Bosch Process, which allowed inert N2 gas to be made into ammonia without the use of slow nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The ammonia produced became a valuable resource and could be used to make cheap fertilisers for use on crops. Other contributors to increased levels of nitrogen compounds were the burning of trees and plants for agriculture, and the manufacture of nylon. But seeing as successful industry and agriculture are crucial across the globe, do we really want to stop artificially creating our own useful nitrogen compounds? Why would we want to go back to the natural limits of the nitrogen cycle?
Why should we worry?
There are two main things that these nitrogen compounds affect: the environment and human health. When nitrous oxide (N2O) reaches the stratosphere it helps destroy the ozone layer, resulting in higher levels of UV radiation and increasing the risk of skin cancer and cataracts. Ironically, when N2O is nearer to the Earth’s surface it can actually make ozone, which can become smog on a still and sunny day. Smog has been linked to respiratory problems, lung damage, increased risks of cancer and a weakening of the immune system.
Smog over Santiago in Chile. This can be caused by nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere.
As well as its tricks with ozone, nitrogen oxides dissolve in atmospheric water to make acid rain, which corrodes stone and metal work and damages buildings. In 1967 a bridge over the Ohio River collapsed due to acid rain corrosion, killing 46 people. But it’s not only building damage that’s cause for concern; plants (including our food crops) and even humans are at risk. Links between acid rain, Alzheimer’s disease and brain damage have been suggested, as well as with many respiratory problems. So, overall, not good news!
But the problems extend further. The overuse of fertilisers on fields and of nitrogen compounds in animal feed leads to nitrogen leaching into streams and rivers. Algae, whose growth is usually limited by nitrogen availability, use this flood of nitrogen to grow out of control, leading to big algal blooms. These use up all the oxygen in the water and block out the light, suffocating aquatic life and preventing underwater plants from photosynthesising. Worryingly, nitrate levels in the Norwegian lakes have doubled in the last ten years, and in northern Europe we are depositing nitrogen compounds at over 100 times the natural rate. The outlook for these lakes seems bleak.
Returning to the land, higher nitrogen levels in the soil mean that a few plants are able to out-compete the rest. These tend to be plants able to quickly utilise the excess nitrogen for rapid growth, leaving fewer resources and more shade for other species. This can lead to many species of plant becoming extinct, and will in turn have knock-on effects on all the animals, insects and birds that use them. Many species-rich heathlands in the Netherlands have been taken over by species-poor forests for precisely this reason. Finally, nitrogen oxides contribute to global warming. Although the concentration of nitrous oxide in the atmosphere is considerably lower than that of carbon dioxide, the global warming potential of nitrous oxide is over 300 times greater. So although carbon dioxide causes climate change and its associated problems, nitrogen compounds are arguably worse. They have a greater global warming potential, could lead to more exaggerated climate change problems, and cause havoc with health and the environment to boot! So what can we do about it?
The remediesCurrently, 80% of the nitrogen compounds in the atmosphere are from human sources. This problem is a by-product of our highly technology-driven societies, but therein lies the solution. The same technological innovation can be used to reduce emissions, and catalytic converters can convert nitrogen oxides into harmless nitrogen gas. Legislation can also play a role. In California, large farms with over a thousand dairy cows must now apply to the Air Resources Board for a license, controlling the levels of concentrated leaching from animals. Ultimately though, there is one solution guaranteed to deal with this nitrogen problem: reduce the amount of nitrogen we use to fuel our daily lives. This is all well and good, but as with all solutions to big problems, it’s going to be very, very hard work.

the big bang theory




INTRODUCTION
We certainly know that our universe exists, however, this knowledge alone has not satisfied mankind's quest for further understanding. Our curiosity has led us to question our place in this universe and furthermore, the place of the universe itself. Throughout time we have asked ourselves these questions: How did our universe begin? How old is our universe? How did matter come to exist? Obviously, these are not simple questions and throughout our brief history on this planet much time and effort has been spent looking for some clue. Yet, after all this energy has been expended, much of what we know is still only speculation.
We have, however, come a long way from the mystical beginnings of the study of cosmology and the origins of the universe. Through the understandings of modern science we have been able to provide firm theories for some of the answers we once called hypotheses. True to the nature of science, a majority of these answers have only led to more intriguing and complex questions. It seems to be inherent in our search for knowledge that questions will always continue to exist.
Although in this short chapter it will be impossible to tackle all of the questions concerning the creation of everything we know as reality, an attempt will be made to address certain fundamental questions of our being. It will be important to keep in mind that all of this information is constantly being questioned and reevaluated in order to understand the universe more clearly. For our purposes, through an examination of what is known about the Big Bang itself, the age of the universe, and the synthesis of the first atoms, we believe that we can begin to answer several of these key questions.
THE BIG BANG
One of the most persistently asked questions has been: How was the universe created? Many once believed that the universe had no beginning or end and was truly infinite. Through the inception of the Big Bang theory, however,no longer could the universe be considered infinite. The universe was forced to take on the properties of a finite phenomenon, possessing a history and a beginning.
About 15 billion years ago a tremendous explosion started the expansion of the universe. This explosion is known as the Big Bang. At the point of this event all of the matter and energy of space was contained at one point. What exisisted prior to this event is completely unknown and is a matter of pure speculation. This occurance was not a conventional explosion but rather an event filling all of space with all of the particles of the embryonic universe rushing away from each other. The Big Bang actually consisted of an explosion of space within itself unlike an explosion of a bomb were fragments are thrown outward. The galaxies were not all clumped together, but rather the Big Bang lay the foundations for the universe.
The origin of the Big Bang theory can be credited to Edwin Hubble. Hubble made the observation that the universe is continuously expanding. He discovered that a galaxys velocity is proportional to its distance. Galaxies that are twice as far from us move twice as fast. Another consequence is that the universe is expanding in every direction. This observation means that it has taken every galaxy the same amount of time to move from a common starting position to its current position. Just as the Big Bang provided for the foundation of the universe, Hubbles observations provided for the foundation of the Big Bang theory.
Since the Big Bang, the universe has been continuously expanding and, thus, there has been more and more distance between clusters of galaxies. This phenomenon of galaxies moving farther away from each other is known as the red shift. As light from distant galaxies approach earth there is an increase of space between earth and the galaxy, which leads to wavelengths being stretched.
In addition to the understanding of the velocity of galaxies emanating from a single point, there is further evidence for the Big Bang. In 1964, two astronomers, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, in an attempt to detect microwaves from outer space, inadvertently discovered a noise of extraterrestrial origin. The noise did not seem to emanate from one location but instead, it came from all directions at once. It became obvious that what they heard was radiation from the farthest reaches of the universe which had been left over from the Big Bang. This discovery of the radioactive aftermath of the initial explosion lent much credence to the Big Bang theory.
Even more recently, NASAs COBE satellite was able to detect cosmic microwaves eminating from the outer reaches of the universe. These microwaves were remarkably uniform which illustrated the homogenity of the early stages of the universe. However, the satillite also discovered that as the universe began to cool and was still expanding, small fluctuations began to exist due to temperature differences. These flucuatuations verified prior calculations of the possible cooling and development of the universe just fractions of a second after its creation. These fluctuations in the universe provided a more detailed description of the first moments after the Big Bang. They also helped to tell the story of the formation of galaxies which will be discussed in the next chapter.
The Big Bang theory provides a viable solution to one of the most pressing questions of all time. It is important to understand, however, that the theory itself is constantly being revised. As more observations are made and more research conducted, the Big Bang theory becomes more complete and our knowledge of the origins of the universe more substantial.
THE FIRST ATOMS
Now that an attempt has been made to grapple with the theory of the Big Bang, the next logical question to ask would be what happened afterward? In the minuscule fractions of the first second after creation what was once a complete vacuum began to evolve into what we now know as the universe. In the very beginning there was nothing except for a plasma soup. What is known of these brief moments in time, at the start of our study of cosmology, is largely conjectural. However, science has devised some sketch of what probably happened, based on what is known about the universe today.
Immediately after the Big Bang, as one might imagine, the universe was tremendously hot as a result of particles of both matter and antimatter rushing apart in all directions. As it began to cool, at around 10^-43 seconds after creation, there existed an almost equal yet asymmetrical amount of matter and antimatter. As these two materials are created together, they collide and destroy one another creating pure energy. Fortunately for us, there was an asymmetry in favor of matter. As a direct result of an excess of about one part per billion, the universe was able to mature in a way favorable for matter to persist. As the universe first began to expand, this discrepancy grew larger. The particles which began to dominate were those of matter. They were created and they decayed without the accompaniment of an equal creation or decay of an antiparticle.
As the universe expanded further, and thus cooled, common particles began to form. These particles are called baryons and include photons, neutrinos, electrons and quarks would become the building blocks of matter and life as we know it. During the baryon genesis period there were no recognizable heavy particles such as protons or neutrons because of the still intense heat. At this moment, there was only a quark soup. As the universe began to cool and expand even more, we begin to understand more clearly what exactly happened.
After the universe had cooled to about 3000 billion degrees Kelvin, a radical transition began which has been likened to the phase transition of water turning to ice. Composite particles such as protons and neutrons, called hadrons, became the common state of matter after this transition. Still, no matter more complex could form at these temperatures. Although lighter particles, called leptons, also existed, they were prohibited from reacting with the hadrons to form more complex states of matter. These leptons, which include electrons, neutrinos and photons, would soon be able to join their hadron kin in a union that would define present-day common matter.
After about one to three minutes had passed since the creation of the universe, protons and neutrons began to react with each other to form deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen. Deuterium, or heavy hydrogen, soon collected another neutron to form tritium. Rapidly following this reaction was the addition of another proton which produced a helium nucleus. Scientists believe that there was one helium nucleus for every ten protons within the first three minutes of the universe. After further cooling, these excess protons would be able to capture an electron to create common hydrogen. Consequently, the universe today is observed to contain one helium atom for every ten or eleven atoms of hydrogen.
While it is true that much of this information is speculative, as the universe ages we are able to become increasingly confident in our knowledge of its history. By studying the way in which the universe exists today it is possible to learn a great deal about its past. Much effort has gone into understanding the formation and number of baryons present today. Through finding answers to these modern questions, it is possible to trace their role in the universe back to the Big Bang. Subsequently, by studying the formation of simple atoms in the laboratory we can make some educated guesses as to how they formed originally. Only through further research and discovery will it be possible to completely understand the creation of the universe and its first atomic structures, however, maybe we will never know for sure.
AGE OF THE UNIVERSE
We now have something of a handle on two of the most important quandaries concerning the universe; however, one major question remains. If the universe is indeed finite, how long has it been in existence? Again, science has been able to expand upon what it knows about the universe today and extrapolate a theory as to its age. By applying the common physical equation of distance over velocity equaling time, which again uses Hubbles observations, a fairly accurate approximation can be made.
The two primary measurements needed are the distance of a galaxy moving away from us and that galaxys red shift. An unsuccessful first attempt was made to find these distances through trigonometry. Scientists were able to calculate the diameter of the Earths orbit around the sun which was augmented through the calculation of the Suns motion through our own galaxy. Unfortunately, this calculation could not be used alone to determine the enormous distance between our galaxy and those which would enable us to estimate the age of the universe because of the significant errors involved.
The next step was an understanding of the pulsation of stars. It had been observed that stars of the same luminosity blinked at the same rate, much like a lighthouse could work where all lighthouses with 150,000 watt light bulbs would rotate every thirty seconds and those with 250,000 watt light bulbs would rotate every minute. With this knowledge, scientists assumed that stars in our galaxy that blinked at the same rate as stars in distant galaxies must have the same intensity. Using trigonometry, they were able to calculate the distance to the star in our galaxy. Therefore, the distance of the distant star could be calculated by studying the difference in their intensities much like determining the distance of two cars in the night. Assuming the two cars headights had the same intensity, it would be possible to infer that the car whose headlights appeared dimmer was farther away from the observer than the other car whose headlights would seem brighter. Again, this theory could not be used alone to calculate distance of the most far-away galaxies. After a certain distance it becomes impossible to distinguish individual stars from the galaxies in which they exist. Because of the large red shifts in these galaxies a method had to be devised to find distance using entire galaxy clusters rather than stars alone.
By studying the sizes of galaxy cluster that are near to us, scientists can gain an idea of what the sizes of other clusters might be. Consequently, a prediction can be made about their distance from the Milky Way much in the same way the distance of stars was learned. Though a calculation involving the supposed distance of the far-off cluster and its red shift, a final estimation can be made as to how long the galaxy has been moving away from us. In turn, this number can be used inversely to turn back the clock to a point when the two galaxies were in the same place at the same time, or, the moment of the Big Bang. The equation generally used to show the age of the universe is shown here:
(distance of a particular galaxy) / (that galaxys velocity) = (time)
or
4.6 x 10^26 cm / 1 x 10^9 cm/sec = 4.6 x 10^17 sec
This equation, equaling 4.6 x 10^17 seconds, comes out to be approximately fifteen billion years. This calculation is almost exactly the same for every galaxy that can be studied. However, because of the uncertainties of the measurements produced by these equations, only a rough estimate of the true age of the universe can be fashioned. While finding the age of the universe is a complicated process, the achievement of this knowledge represents a critical step in our understanding.
NOW WHAT?In summary, we have made a first attempt at explaining the answers that science has revealed about our universe. Our understanding of the Big Bang, the first atoms and the age of the universe is obviously incomplete. As time wears on, more discoveries are made, leading to infinite questions which require yet more answers. Unsatisfied with our base of knowledge research is being conducted around the world at this very moment to further our minimal understanding of the unimaginably complex universe.
Since its conception, the theory of the Big Bang has been constantly challenged. These challenges have led those who believe in the theory to search for more concrete evidence which would prove them correct. From the point at which this chapter leaves off, many have tried to go further and several discoveries have been made that paint a more complete picture of the creation of the universe.
Recently, NASA has made some astounding discoveries which lend themselves to the proof of the Big Bang theory. Most importantly, astronomers using the Astro-2 observatory were able to confirm one of the requirements for the foundation of the universe through the Big Bang. In June, 1995, scientists were able to detect primordial helium, such as deuterium, in the far reaches of the universe. These findings are consistent with an important aspect of the Big Bang theory that a mixture of hydrogen and helium was created at the beginning of the universe.
In addition, the Hubble telescope, named after the father of Big Bang theory, has provided certain clues as to what elements were present following creation. Astronomers using Hubble have found the element boron in extremely ancient stars. They postulate that its presence could be either a remnant of energetic events at the birth of galaxies or it could indicate that boron is even older, dating back to the Big Bang itself. If the latter is true, scientists will be forced once again to modify their theory for the birth of the universe and events immediately afterward because, according to the present theory, such a heavy and complex atom could not have existed.
In this manner we can see that the research will never be truly complete. Our hunger for knowledge will never be satiated. So to answer the question, what now, is an impossibility. The path we take from here will only be determined by our own discoveries and questions. We are engaged in a never-ending cycle of questions and answers where one will inevitably lead to the other.
COBE continues to search the outer reaches of the universe
DEEP THOUGHTS
It is extremely difficult to separate this subject of science from daily existential pondering. Everyone at some point in time has grappled with the question of why we are here? Some have found refuge in the sheer philosophic nature of this question while others have taken a more scientific approach. These particular wanderers have taken the question to a higher level, concentrating not only on human existence but the existence of everything we know as real.
If you sit and try to imagine the whole of the entire universe it would be mind-boggling. However, science has now told us that the universe is, in fact, finite, with a beginning, a middle, and a future. It is easy to get caught up in the large scale of the issue in discussing years by the billions, yet, this time still passes. As we travel through our own lives here on Earth, we also travel through the life of our universe.
In this chapter, we have made some attempts to explain this journey. It is odd that we will never truly know how it began. We can only speculate and give our best guess. Through our own devices we have been able to produce evidence that these guesses are close to the truth. But centuries from now, will the human race compare us to those who once thought of the Earth as the center of the universe?
GLOSSARY
Baryons-- common particles including photons and neutrinos created at approximately 10^-33 seconds after the Big Bang
Deuterium-- a heavy isotope of hyrogen containing on proton and one neutron
Hadrons-- composite particles such as protons and neutrons forming after the temperature drops to 300 MeV
Leptons-- light particles existing with hadros including electrons, neutrinos and photons
Red Shift-- shift toward the red in the spectra of light reaching us from the stars in distant galaxies
Tritium-- transitional element between deuterium and the formation of a helium nucleus
REFERENCESLiterature
Kaufmann, William J., III. Galaxies and Quasars. San Fransisco: W.H. Freeman and Company, 1979.
Silk, Joseph. A Short History of the Universe. New York: Scientific American Library, 1994.
Taylor, John. When the Clock Struck Zero. New York: St. Martins Press, 1993.
Trinh, Xuan Thuan. The Birth of the Universe: The Big Bang and After. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1993.
World Wide Web
NASA
http://spacelink.msfc.nasa.gov/ -
/Educational.Services/Educational.Publications/Educational.Horizons.Newsletter/ 92-01-01.Vol.1.No.1
/NASA.News/NASA.News.Releases /95.Press.Releases/95-06.News.Releases/95-06-12.Primordial.Helium.Detected